EXAM 3 REVIEW A&P 1

Jul 11th, 2023

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87 test answers

question

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

answer

a. maintaining homeostasisb. receiving sensory input c. integrating informationd. controlling muscles and glands e. all of the above are functions of the nervous system (e)

question

The processing of sensory information to establish meaning is called

answer

integration

question

Sensory input enters the CNS through the

answer

afferent nervous system

question

A branch of an axon that leads to a different post-synaptic cell is called

answer

collateral

question

The point where an axon leaves the cell body is called

answer

hillock

question

Most neurons in the CNS are

answer

multipolar

question

The above neuron is

answer

bipolar (LOOK AT OG QUIZLET)

question

The glial cell responsible for the formation of the blood- brain barrier is the

answer

astrocyte

question

The glial cell responsible for the myelin sheath formation in the CNS is the

answer

oligodendrocyte

question

The glial cell responsible for CSF production in the

answer

ependymal cell

question

The resting potential for a typical neuron is

answer

-70 mV

question

An action potential begins when______ gated channels open.

answer

voltage

question

Which channels open to cause repolarization of a neuron?

answer

K+

question

Which channels open to cause depolarization of a neuron?

answer

Na+

question

In the above figure, which numbered portion indicates the depolarization phase?

answer

2 depolarization phase (check og quizlet)

question

In the same figure, which numbered portion indicates the repolarization phase?

answer

3 repolarization phase

question

Which portion of the graph represents the resting potential?

answer

resting potential

question

Which of the following is NOT a class of neurotransmitter?

answer

oligosaccharides

question

Which of the following is true regarding an IPSP?

answer

a. IPSPs influence a pre-synaptic cell b. IPSPs allow cells to respond more easily to neural impulses c. the I in IPSPs stands for initiationd. none of the above are true (d)

question

The end portion of the spinal cord is called the

answer

cauda equina

question

There are_____ pairs of spinal nerves that branch from the spinal cord

answer

question

The innermost layer of the meninges is the

answer

pia mater

question

The middle layer of the meninges is the

answer

arachnoid mater

question

Spinal anesthesia in most often administered into the

answer

epidural space

question

The pia mater is connected to the dura mater through the ________ ligament.

answer

denticulate

question

The white matter of the spinal cord is composed primarily of

answer

axons

question

The white matter of the spinal cord contains

answer

a. ascending tracts b. descending tracts c. both a and b(c)

question

The lateral gray horn are responsible for

answer

autonomic motor function

question

The anterior gray horn are responsible for

answer

somatic motor function

question

The calcaneal reflex is an example of a

answer

stretch

question

The third step of five in a typical reflex arc is the

answer

interneuron

question

The _____________ plexus has nerves that are associated with the arms

answer

brachial

question

Which of the following is NOT part of the brain stem?

answer

a. pons b. reticular formation c. medulla oblongata d. diencephalon e. midbrain (d)

question

The corpora quadrigemina is part of the

answer

midbrain

question

Which portion of the brain is responsible for control of emotions?

answer

cerebellum

question

Which portion of the brain serves as a relay center, sending incoming sensory information to the appropriate location?

answer

thalamus

question

Which sense does NOT synapse in the thalamus?

answer

a. taste b. vision c. olfaction d. hearing (c)

question

Which of the following is NOT part of the deincephelon?

answer

a. hypothalamusb. suprathalamusc. subthalamusd. epithalamuse.thalamus(b)

question

The superior colliculi are involved with

answer

visual reflexes

question

Which of the following is NOT function of the hypothalamus?

answer

a. endocrine control of the pituitary gland b. regulation of body temperature c. thinking and planning d. initiation of thirst and hunger drives e. regulation of the sleep/wake cycle (c)

question

The pineal gland is part of the

answer

epithalamus

question

Myelinated axons carry neural impulses___________unmyelinated axons.

answer

Slower than

question

___________fibers connect the cerebrum to to other parts of the brain.

answer

Projection

question

The lateral ventricles connect the third ventricle through the

answer

interventricular foramen

question

Most CSF production occurs in

answer

the lateral ventricles

question

absorb CSF and return it to the bloodstream

answer

Subarachnoid granulations

question

Write an essay describing the functions of the glial cells of the CNS and PNS

answer

CNSProcesses form feet that cover the surfaces of neurons and blood vessels and the pia mater. Regulate what substances reach the CNS from the blood (blood-brain barrier). Lots of microfilaments for support.Produce chemicals that promote tight junctions to form blood-brain barrier Blood-brain barrier: protects neurons from toxic substances, allows the exchange of nutrients and waste products between neurons and blood, prevents fluctuations in the composition of the blood from affecting the functions of the brain.Regulate extracellular brain fluid compositionLine brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal. Specialized versions of ependymal form choroid plexuses.Choroid plexus within certain regions of ventricles. Secrete cerebrospinal fluid. Cilia help move fluid thru the cavities of the brain. Have long processes on basal surface that extend within the brain tissue, may have astrocyte-like functions.PNSSchwann cells or neurolemmocytes: wrap around portion of only one axon to form myelin sheath. Wrap around many times. During development, as cells grow around axon, cytoplasm is squeezed out and multiple layers of cell membrane wrap the axon. Cell membrane primarily phospholipid.Satellite cells: surround neuron cell bodies in sensory ganglia, provide support and nutrients

question

Specific regions of the body assoicated with a specific pair of spinal nerves is called

answer

dermatome

question

Which division of the nervous system delivers sensory input to the CNS?

answer

afferent

question

Suppose you are taking a nice, relaxing walk in the woods and happen to stumble across a grumpy bear. Which division of the nervous system would be most directly involved with your elevated heart rate upon this discovery?

answer

sympathetic

question

After a successful escape from the bear, which division of the nervous system would be most directly involved with returning to homeostasis?

answer

parasympathetic

question

What type of neuron is characterized by having a single dendrite and single axon?

answer

bipolar

question

Which type of glial cell forms the blood-brain barrier?

answer

astrocyte

question

What type of glial cell forms the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS)?

answer

oligodendrocyte

question

What type of glial cell produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

answer

ependymal cell

question

Which of the following is the slowest type of neural propagation?

answer

continuous

question

Which of the following is a type of neural propagation that requires the myelin sheath?

answer

saltatory

question

What type of synapse is typically found between neurons?

answer

electrical synapse

question

Neuromodulation that causes an IPSP would have what effect on a membrane potential?

answer

lower the resting potential value (more negative)

question

The resting potential is maintained by the activity of

answer

the Na+/K+ pump

question

Which layer of the meninges directly contracts the spinal cord

answer

pia mater

question

Which layer of the meninges offers the most physical protection for the spinal cord?

answer

dura mater

question

The outer and inner of the meninges are connected by the ________ligament.

answer

denticulate

question

During childbirth, women often receive anedthesia delivered to the______space.

answer

epidural

question

What is the primary function of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

answer

shock absorption

question

Referred pain from a heart attack may present as pain in the _____ in men.

answer

left shoulder

question

Which portion of the spinal cord receives incoming sensory information?

answer

posterior grey horn

question

Which portion of the spinal cord sends out neural motor instructions?

answer

lateral grey horn

question

Which of the following is the third step of a reflex arc?

answer

interneuron

question

Which of the following is the second step of a reflex arc?

answer

sensory neuron

question

Which of the following is the last step of a reflex arc?

answer

effector organ

question

Withdrawal reflexes of spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord?

answer

True

question

How many pairs of spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord?

answer

question

The white matter of the spinal cord contains mostly

answer

Axons

question

Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?

answer

a. regulation of sleep- wake cycle b. thirst, hunger, and sex drives c. regulation of body temperature d. some endocrine activity e. all of the above are functions of the hypothalamus (e)

question

The reticular formation is part of the

answer

Brainstem

question

Which of the following is NOT a reflex controlled by the medualla oblongata?

answer

a. vomiting b. respiration c. coughing d. digestion e. sneezing (d)

question

The superior colliculi are involved in processing of ________ reflexes

answer

visual

question

Which of the following is a part of the diencephalon that contains the hebenula?

answer

epithalamus

question

What type of neural fibers connect the two cerebral hemispheres?

answer

association fibers

question

What type of neural fibers connect the cerebrum to other parts of the brain?

answer

projection fibers

question

The lateral ventricles connect to the third ventricle through the

answer

interventricular

question

The third ventricles connect to the fourth ventricle through the

answer

cerebral aqueduct

question

A majority of CSF production occurs in the

answer

lateral ventricle

question

Most sensory information is received by the _______ lobe of the cerebrum.

answer

parietal

question

Spinal cord anatomy and function (possible essay)White matter - general location of ascending and descending tracts Gray matter - location and function of horns

answer

Extends from foramen magnum to second lumbar vertebraSegmentedCervical ThoracicLumbarSacralGives rise to 31 pairs of spinal nervesNot uniform in diameter throughout lengthCervical enlargement: supplies upper limbsLumbar enlargement: supplies lower limbsConus medullaris: tapered inferior end. Cauda equina: origins of spinal nerves extending inferiorly from lumbosacral enlargement and conus medullaris.Connective tissue membranes surrounding spinal cord and brainDura mater: continuous with epineurium of the spinal nervesArachnoid mater: thin and wispyPia mater: bound tightly to surface of brain and spinal cord. Forms the filum terminale, which anchors spinal cord to coccyx and the denticulate ligaments that attach the spinal cord to the dura materSpacesEpidural: anesthesia injected. Contains blood vessels, areolar connective tissue and fat.Subdural: serous fluidSubarachnoid: CSF and blood vessels within web-like strands of arachnoid tissueAnterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus: deep clefts partially separating left and right halvesWhite matter: myelinated axons forming tractsThree columns (funiculi): ventral, dorsal, lateralEach of these divided into tracts (fasciculi; pathways)Gray matter: neuron, cell, cell bodies, dendrites, axonsHornsPosterior (dorsal)Anterior (ventral)Lateral (associated with ANS)

question

Diencephalon (possible essay) Thalamus and functions Hypothalamus - lots of functions Subthalamus Epithalamus

answer

Located between brainstem and cerebrumComponents: thalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamusTHALAMUSTwo lateral portions connected by the intermediate massSurrounded by third ventricleSensory information from spinal cord synapses here before projecting to cerebrumMedial geniculate nucleus: auditory informationLateral geniculate nucleus: visual informationVentral posterior nucleus: most other types sensory information Motor function: ventral anterior and ventral lateral nucleiMood modification: anterior and medial nuclei connected to limbic systemEmotion regulation: lateral dorsal nucleusSensory integration: lateral posterior and pulvinar nucleiSUBTHALAMASContains nerve tracts and nucleiEPITHALAMASContains nuclei responding to olfactory stimulation and contains pineal glandHabenula: emotional and visceral responses to odorsPineal gland: may influence sleepiness, helps regulate biological clock, may play a role in onset of pubertyHYPOTHALAMASMajor control center for maintaining homeostasis and regulating endocrine functionMost inferior portion of diencephalonMammillary bodies: bulges on ventral surface; olfactory reflexes and emotional responses to odorsInfundibulum: stalk extending from floor; connects hypothalamus to posterior pituitary gland. Controls endocrine system.Receives input from viscera, taste receptors, limbic system, nipples, external genitalia, prefrontal cortex Efferent fibers to brainstem, spinal cord (autonomic system), through infundibulum to posterior pituitary, and to cranial nerves controlling swallowing and shiveringImportant in regulation of mood, emotion, sexual pleasure, satiation, rage, and fear

1 of 87

question

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

answer

a. maintaining homeostasisb. receiving sensory input c. integrating informationd. controlling muscles and glands e. all of the above are functions of the nervous system (e)

question

The processing of sensory information to establish meaning is called

answer

integration

question

Sensory input enters the CNS through the

answer

afferent nervous system

question

A branch of an axon that leads to a different post-synaptic cell is called

answer

collateral

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question

The point where an axon leaves the cell body is called

answer

hillock

question

Most neurons in the CNS are

answer

multipolar

question

The above neuron is

answer

bipolar (LOOK AT OG QUIZLET)

question

The glial cell responsible for the formation of the blood- brain barrier is the

answer

astrocyte

question

The glial cell responsible for the myelin sheath formation in the CNS is the

answer

oligodendrocyte

question

The glial cell responsible for CSF production in the

answer

ependymal cell

question

The resting potential for a typical neuron is

answer

-70 mV

question

An action potential begins when______ gated channels open.

answer

voltage

question

Which channels open to cause repolarization of a neuron?

answer

K+

question

Which channels open to cause depolarization of a neuron?

answer

Na+

question

In the above figure, which numbered portion indicates the depolarization phase?

answer

2 depolarization phase (check og quizlet)

question

In the same figure, which numbered portion indicates the repolarization phase?

answer

3 repolarization phase

question

Which portion of the graph represents the resting potential?

answer

resting potential

question

Which of the following is NOT a class of neurotransmitter?

answer

oligosaccharides

question

Which of the following is true regarding an IPSP?

answer

a. IPSPs influence a pre-synaptic cell b. IPSPs allow cells to respond more easily to neural impulses c. the I in IPSPs stands for initiationd. none of the above are true (d)

question

The end portion of the spinal cord is called the

answer

cauda equina

question

There are_____ pairs of spinal nerves that branch from the spinal cord

answer

question

The innermost layer of the meninges is the

answer

pia mater

question

The middle layer of the meninges is the

answer

arachnoid mater

question

Spinal anesthesia in most often administered into the

answer

epidural space

question

The pia mater is connected to the dura mater through the ________ ligament.

answer

denticulate

question

The white matter of the spinal cord is composed primarily of

answer

axons

question

The white matter of the spinal cord contains

answer

a. ascending tracts b. descending tracts c. both a and b(c)

question

The lateral gray horn are responsible for

answer

autonomic motor function

question

The anterior gray horn are responsible for

answer

somatic motor function

question

The calcaneal reflex is an example of a

answer

stretch

question

The third step of five in a typical reflex arc is the

answer

interneuron

question

The _____________ plexus has nerves that are associated with the arms

answer

brachial

question

Which of the following is NOT part of the brain stem?

answer

a. pons b. reticular formation c. medulla oblongata d. diencephalon e. midbrain (d)

question

The corpora quadrigemina is part of the

answer

midbrain

question

Which portion of the brain is responsible for control of emotions?

answer

cerebellum

question

Which portion of the brain serves as a relay center, sending incoming sensory information to the appropriate location?

answer

thalamus

question

Which sense does NOT synapse in the thalamus?

answer

a. taste b. vision c. olfaction d. hearing (c)

question

Which of the following is NOT part of the deincephelon?

answer

a. hypothalamusb. suprathalamusc. subthalamusd. epithalamuse.thalamus(b)

question

The superior colliculi are involved with

answer

visual reflexes

question

Which of the following is NOT function of the hypothalamus?

answer

a. endocrine control of the pituitary gland b. regulation of body temperature c. thinking and planning d. initiation of thirst and hunger drives e. regulation of the sleep/wake cycle (c)

question

The pineal gland is part of the

answer

epithalamus

question

Myelinated axons carry neural impulses___________unmyelinated axons.

answer

Slower than

question

___________fibers connect the cerebrum to to other parts of the brain.

answer

Projection

question

The lateral ventricles connect the third ventricle through the

answer

interventricular foramen

question

Most CSF production occurs in

answer

the lateral ventricles

question

absorb CSF and return it to the bloodstream

answer

Subarachnoid granulations

question

Write an essay describing the functions of the glial cells of the CNS and PNS

answer

question

Specific regions of the body assoicated with a specific pair of spinal nerves is called

answer

dermatome

question

Which division of the nervous system delivers sensory input to the CNS?

answer

afferent

question

answer

sympathetic

question

After a successful escape from the bear, which division of the nervous system would be most directly involved with returning to homeostasis?

answer

parasympathetic

question

What type of neuron is characterized by having a single dendrite and single axon?

answer

bipolar

question

Which type of glial cell forms the blood-brain barrier?

answer

astrocyte

question

What type of glial cell forms the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS)?

answer

oligodendrocyte

question

What type of glial cell produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

answer

ependymal cell

question

Which of the following is the slowest type of neural propagation?

answer

continuous

question

Which of the following is a type of neural propagation that requires the myelin sheath?

answer

saltatory

question

What type of synapse is typically found between neurons?

answer

electrical synapse

question

Neuromodulation that causes an IPSP would have what effect on a membrane potential?

answer

lower the resting potential value (more negative)

question

The resting potential is maintained by the activity of

answer

the Na+/K+ pump

question

Which layer of the meninges directly contracts the spinal cord

answer

pia mater

question

Which layer of the meninges offers the most physical protection for the spinal cord?

answer

dura mater

question

The outer and inner of the meninges are connected by the ________ligament.

answer

denticulate

question

During childbirth, women often receive anedthesia delivered to the______space.

answer

epidural

question

What is the primary function of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

answer

shock absorption

question

Referred pain from a heart attack may present as pain in the _____ in men.

answer

left shoulder

question

Which portion of the spinal cord receives incoming sensory information?

answer

posterior grey horn

question

Which portion of the spinal cord sends out neural motor instructions?

answer

lateral grey horn

question

Which of the following is the third step of a reflex arc?

answer

interneuron

question

Which of the following is the second step of a reflex arc?

answer

sensory neuron

question

Which of the following is the last step of a reflex arc?

answer

effector organ

question

Withdrawal reflexes of spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord?

answer

True

question

How many pairs of spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord?

answer

question

The white matter of the spinal cord contains mostly

answer

Axons

question

Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?

answer

a. regulation of sleep- wake cycle b. thirst, hunger, and sex drives c. regulation of body temperature d. some endocrine activity e. all of the above are functions of the hypothalamus (e)

question

The reticular formation is part of the

answer

Brainstem

question

Which of the following is NOT a reflex controlled by the medualla oblongata?

answer

a. vomiting b. respiration c. coughing d. digestion e. sneezing (d)

question

The superior colliculi are involved in processing of ________ reflexes

answer

visual

question

Which of the following is a part of the diencephalon that contains the hebenula?

answer

epithalamus

question

What type of neural fibers connect the two cerebral hemispheres?

answer

association fibers

question

What type of neural fibers connect the cerebrum to other parts of the brain?

answer

projection fibers

question

The lateral ventricles connect to the third ventricle through the

answer

interventricular

question

The third ventricles connect to the fourth ventricle through the

answer

cerebral aqueduct

question

A majority of CSF production occurs in the

answer

lateral ventricle

question

Most sensory information is received by the _______ lobe of the cerebrum.

answer

parietal

question

Spinal cord anatomy and function (possible essay)White matter - general location of ascending and descending tracts Gray matter - location and function of horns

answer

question

Diencephalon (possible essay) Thalamus and functions Hypothalamus - lots of functions Subthalamus Epithalamus

answer

EXAM 3 REVIEW A&P 1

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