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Anatomy And Physiology Chapter 26

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Sep 8th, 2023
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36 test answers
question
What type of water imbalance increases the amount of fluid in all compartments?a)inflammationb)edemac)dehydrationd)hypotonic hydration
answer
d)hypotonic hydrationHypotonic hydration occurs when extracellular fluid becomes so hypotonic (dilute) that water is pulled into the cells. Excess water is present in cells, intracellular compartments, and extracellular compartments.
question
What is the primary buffer in the plasma? a)phosphate buffer systemb)sodium-potassium buffer systemc)bicarbonate buffer systemd)protein buffer system
answer
c)bicarbonate buffer systemBicarbonate is the form that CO2 is transported in the blood stream. Using carbonic anhydrase to shift between bicarbonate and carbonic acid, the pH of the blood stream can be quickly regulated.
question
An increase in blood CO2 levels leads to ?a)an increase in blood phb)a drop in blood phc)decreased respiratory rated)decrease in carbonic acid
answer
b)a drop in blood ph An increase in CO2 results in the formation of more carbonic acid, which leads to an increase in acidity, or a drop in pH
question
What percentage of extracellular fluid is accounted for by interstitial fluid and plasma?a)20%b)40%c)80%d)100%
answer
d)100%All of the extracellular water in the body is accounted for by interstitial fluid (80%) and plasma (20%).
question
The most important force causing net outward water flow across capillary walls is?a)hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid b)hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood c)osmotic pressure of plasma proteins d)intracellular hydrostatic pressure
answer
b)hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood
question
The majority of the fluid in the body is the?a)intracellular fluid b)electrolytic fluid c)interstitial fluid d)plasma
answer
a)intracellular fluidIntracellular fluid makes up about 40% of the body weight and comprises over half of the fluid in the body
question
The movement of water between body fluid compartments ________. a)requires active transport b)is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces c)requires ATP for the transport to take place d)always involves filtration
answer
b)is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces
question
Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids? a)equal amounts of each ion in the cells and body fluids b)little of either in the cells, but large amounts of each in the body fluids c)Na+ mainly in the cells, K+ in the body fluids d)K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids
answer
d)K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids
question
In which compartment of the body is the majority of water stored?a)interstitial fluid (IF) b)plasma c)extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment d)intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment
answer
d)intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment
question
Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts? a)Electrolytes are not as important as proteins in regulating fluid shifts in the body. b)Nonelectrolytes are the controlling factor in directing fluid shifts. c)There are always more positive electrolytes than negative in a solution; it is therefore impossible to follow fluid shifts. d)Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.
answer
d)electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts
question
Where are signs of change in osmolality, stomach stretch, and thirst monitored?a)in the adrenal glands b)in the stomach and intestines c)in the kidneys d)in the hypothalamus
answer
d)in the hypothalamus
question
One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is ________. a)a rise in plasma osmolality b)a dry mouth from high temperatures c)drinking caffeinated beverages d)becoming overly agitated
answer
a)a rise in plasma osmolality
question
Excessive loss of water from the extracellular fluid (ECF) leads to a rise in osmotic pressure in the ECF which causes cells to shrink as water leaves by osmosis. TrueFalse
answer
true
question
Which of the following is NOT involved in triggering the thirst mechanism?a)an increase in blood pressure b)dry mouth c)detection of increased osmolality by osmoreceptors d)decrease in blood volume
answer
a)An increase in blood pressure would lead to a drop in the hormones and responses that would in turn trigger the thirst mechanism.Provide Feedback
question
he body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions? hydrogen ions potassium ions calcium ions sodium ions
answer
sodium ions
question
Which of the following is NOT a hormone involved in water and electrolyte balance? atrial natriuretic peptide aldosterone ADH thyroxine
answer
thyroxine
question
To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output. TrueFalse
answer
true
question
What accounts for the route through which most fluid is lost in a day?insensible loss through skin and lungs urine sweat feces
answer
urine
question
Which of the choices below is NOT an essential role of salts in the body? anabolism of lipids neuromuscular activity membrane permeability secretory activity
answer
anabolism of lipids
question
Sodium is pivotal to fluid and electrolyte balance and to the homeostasis of all body systems. TrueFalse
answer
true
question
Which of the following does NOT serve as a source of acids in the body? ingesting of bicarbonate CO2 in the blood aerobic breakdown of glucose fat metabolism
answer
ingesting of bicarbonate
question
Which of the following is NOT a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood? diet chemical buffers respiratory changes renal mechanisms
answer
diet
question
This chemical equation shows the reaction of a strong acid and weak base in the bicarbonate buffer system. Provide the products of the following reaction. HCl + NaHCO3 →NaHCO3 + H2O NaOH + NaH2PO4H2CO3 + NaCl NaH2PO4 + NaCl
answer
H2CO3+NaCL
question
In order to buffer a strong acid into a weak acid, which has a less dramatic effect on pH, what chemical should be used as the buffer?a weak acid water salt a weak base
answer
a weak base
question
Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system? phosphate protein nucleic acid bicarbonate
answer
nucleic acid
question
One of the most powerful and plentiful sources of buffers is the protein buffer system. TrueFalse
answer
true
question
If a person exercises for a long time, lactic acid will start to build up in his or her muscles. Which of the following would you expect to happen as the lactic acid first starts to be formed?Weak bases in the muscles will act as buffers and resist or minimize any pH change.More water will move to the muscles to buffer the acid.Weak acids in the muscles will act as buffers and resist or minimize any pH change.More water will move to the muscles to move out the acid.
answer
weak bases in the muscles will acts as buffers and resist or minimize any ph change
question
As ventilation increases and more carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood decreases. TrueFalse
answer
true
question
he term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system. protein hemoglobin bicarbonate phosphate
answer
bicarbonate
question
Most acidic substances (hydrogen ions) originate as by-products of cellular metabolism. TrueFalse
answer
true
question
The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45. TrueFalse
answer
true
question
Which organs are the long-term acid-base regulatory organs? lungs GI tract organs kidneys cardiovascular organs
answer
kidneys
question
Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely? metabolic acidosis respiratory acidosis respiratory alkalosis metabolic alkalosis
answer
metabolic acidosis
question
What is the effect of hypoventilation on pH? metabolic acidosis metabolic alkalosis respiratory acidosis respiratory alkalosis
answer
respiratory acidosisHypoventilation causes decreased CO2 exhalation. With higher blood CO2, there is more carbonic acid formed, so the patient goes into acidosis.
question
Which of the following blood workups would most likely demonstrate metabolic acidosis? pH: 7.50; PCO2: 50 mmHg; HCO3-: 30 mEq/L pH: 7.33; PCO2: 50 mmHg; HCO3-: 30 mEq/L pH: 7.55; PCO2: 30 mmHg; HCO3-: 20 mEq/L pH: 7.33; PCO2: 30 mmHg; HCO3-: 20 mEq/L
answer
pH: 7.33; PCO2: 30 mmHg; HCO3-: 20 mEq/L
question
Prolonged hyperventilation can cause alkalosis. TrueFalse
answer
true
1 of 36
question
What type of water imbalance increases the amount of fluid in all compartments?a)inflammationb)edemac)dehydrationd)hypotonic hydration
answer
d)hypotonic hydrationHypotonic hydration occurs when extracellular fluid becomes so hypotonic (dilute) that water is pulled into the cells. Excess water is present in cells, intracellular compartments, and extracellular compartments.
question
What is the primary buffer in the plasma? a)phosphate buffer systemb)sodium-potassium buffer systemc)bicarbonate buffer systemd)protein buffer system
answer
c)bicarbonate buffer systemBicarbonate is the form that CO2 is transported in the blood stream. Using carbonic anhydrase to shift between bicarbonate and carbonic acid, the pH of the blood stream can be quickly regulated.
question
An increase in blood CO2 levels leads to ?a)an increase in blood phb)a drop in blood phc)decreased respiratory rated)decrease in carbonic acid
answer
b)a drop in blood ph An increase in CO2 results in the formation of more carbonic acid, which leads to an increase in acidity, or a drop in pH
question
What percentage of extracellular fluid is accounted for by interstitial fluid and plasma?a)20%b)40%c)80%d)100%
answer
d)100%All of the extracellular water in the body is accounted for by interstitial fluid (80%) and plasma (20%).
question
The most important force causing net outward water flow across capillary walls is?a)hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid b)hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood c)osmotic pressure of plasma proteins d)intracellular hydrostatic pressure
answer
b)hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood
question
The majority of the fluid in the body is the?a)intracellular fluid b)electrolytic fluid c)interstitial fluid d)plasma
answer
a)intracellular fluidIntracellular fluid makes up about 40% of the body weight and comprises over half of the fluid in the body
question
The movement of water between body fluid compartments ________. a)requires active transport b)is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces c)requires ATP for the transport to take place d)always involves filtration
answer
b)is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces
question
Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids? a)equal amounts of each ion in the cells and body fluids b)little of either in the cells, but large amounts of each in the body fluids c)Na+ mainly in the cells, K+ in the body fluids d)K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids
answer
d)K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids
question
In which compartment of the body is the majority of water stored?a)interstitial fluid (IF) b)plasma c)extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment d)intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment
answer
d)intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment
question
Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts? a)Electrolytes are not as important as proteins in regulating fluid shifts in the body. b)Nonelectrolytes are the controlling factor in directing fluid shifts. c)There are always more positive electrolytes than negative in a solution; it is therefore impossible to follow fluid shifts. d)Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.
answer
d)electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts
question
Where are signs of change in osmolality, stomach stretch, and thirst monitored?a)in the adrenal glands b)in the stomach and intestines c)in the kidneys d)in the hypothalamus
answer
d)in the hypothalamus
question
One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is ________. a)a rise in plasma osmolality b)a dry mouth from high temperatures c)drinking caffeinated beverages d)becoming overly agitated
answer
a)a rise in plasma osmolality
question
Excessive loss of water from the extracellular fluid (ECF) leads to a rise in osmotic pressure in the ECF which causes cells to shrink as water leaves by osmosis. TrueFalse
answer
true
question
Which of the following is NOT involved in triggering the thirst mechanism?a)an increase in blood pressure b)dry mouth c)detection of increased osmolality by osmoreceptors d)decrease in blood volume
answer
a)An increase in blood pressure would lead to a drop in the hormones and responses that would in turn trigger the thirst mechanism.Provide Feedback
question
he body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions? hydrogen ions potassium ions calcium ions sodium ions
answer
sodium ions
question
Which of the following is NOT a hormone involved in water and electrolyte balance? atrial natriuretic peptide aldosterone ADH thyroxine
answer
thyroxine
question
To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output. TrueFalse
answer
true
question
What accounts for the route through which most fluid is lost in a day?insensible loss through skin and lungs urine sweat feces
answer
urine
question
Which of the choices below is NOT an essential role of salts in the body? anabolism of lipids neuromuscular activity membrane permeability secretory activity
answer
anabolism of lipids
question
Sodium is pivotal to fluid and electrolyte balance and to the homeostasis of all body systems. TrueFalse
answer
true
question
Which of the following does NOT serve as a source of acids in the body? ingesting of bicarbonate CO2 in the blood aerobic breakdown of glucose fat metabolism
answer
ingesting of bicarbonate
question
Which of the following is NOT a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood? diet chemical buffers respiratory changes renal mechanisms
answer
diet
question
This chemical equation shows the reaction of a strong acid and weak base in the bicarbonate buffer system. Provide the products of the following reaction. HCl + NaHCO3 →NaHCO3 + H2O NaOH + NaH2PO4H2CO3 + NaCl NaH2PO4 + NaCl
answer
H2CO3+NaCL
question
In order to buffer a strong acid into a weak acid, which has a less dramatic effect on pH, what chemical should be used as the buffer?a weak acid water salt a weak base
answer
a weak base
question
Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system? phosphate protein nucleic acid bicarbonate
answer
nucleic acid
question
One of the most powerful and plentiful sources of buffers is the protein buffer system. TrueFalse
answer
true
question
If a person exercises for a long time, lactic acid will start to build up in his or her muscles. Which of the following would you expect to happen as the lactic acid first starts to be formed?Weak bases in the muscles will act as buffers and resist or minimize any pH change.More water will move to the muscles to buffer the acid.Weak acids in the muscles will act as buffers and resist or minimize any pH change.More water will move to the muscles to move out the acid.
answer
weak bases in the muscles will acts as buffers and resist or minimize any ph change
question
As ventilation increases and more carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood decreases. TrueFalse
answer
true
question
he term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system. protein hemoglobin bicarbonate phosphate
answer
bicarbonate
question
Most acidic substances (hydrogen ions) originate as by-products of cellular metabolism. TrueFalse
answer
true
question
The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45. TrueFalse
answer
true
question
Which organs are the long-term acid-base regulatory organs? lungs GI tract organs kidneys cardiovascular organs
answer
kidneys
question
Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely? metabolic acidosis respiratory acidosis respiratory alkalosis metabolic alkalosis
answer
metabolic acidosis
question
What is the effect of hypoventilation on pH? metabolic acidosis metabolic alkalosis respiratory acidosis respiratory alkalosis
answer
respiratory acidosisHypoventilation causes decreased CO2 exhalation. With higher blood CO2, there is more carbonic acid formed, so the patient goes into acidosis.
question
Which of the following blood workups would most likely demonstrate metabolic acidosis? pH: 7.50; PCO2: 50 mmHg; HCO3-: 30 mEq/L pH: 7.33; PCO2: 50 mmHg; HCO3-: 30 mEq/L pH: 7.55; PCO2: 30 mmHg; HCO3-: 20 mEq/L pH: 7.33; PCO2: 30 mmHg; HCO3-: 20 mEq/L
answer
pH: 7.33; PCO2: 30 mmHg; HCO3-: 20 mEq/L
question
Prolonged hyperventilation can cause alkalosis. TrueFalse
answer
true